Absolutism and Constitutionalism

1. why did monarchs in the late 16th/early seventeenth centuries need new sources of income? Why did monarchs wish to get their income without the permission of the nobility? 2.Explain the role that each of the following play in the failure of England achieving absolutism, as well as the success of the cut England France Religion Religion Parliament/Tradition Estates General Personalities of Leaders Personalities of Leaders Trust of Nobility Trust of nobility 3. Henry IV came to the throne and helped to abate the French Wars of Religion.After over 30 years of civil contend, France was a wreck politic totallyy and economically. To circle the stage for absolutism, he and his finance minister, the duke of Sully, needed to strengthen received aspects of the nation and weaken others. Explain where the following fell into their plans, using the terms in parendissertation in your answer power of nobility (parlements) increased property for crown (monopolies) increased oppo rtunity for economic success (canals, corvee) 4. After Henry IVs assassination, his 9 year old son Louis XIII became king.Too unripened to rule, his mother named a brilliant official to serve as his regent. Explain how the following policies show the nature of Richelieus raison detat Use of intendants practiceions in the 30 Years War (1618-1648) Treatment of nobles Treatment of Huguenots 5. Describe the factors that conduct to the revolt (known as the Fronde) of the French nobility against the young Louis 14 and Cardinal Mazarin (1649-1652). What lesson did the Fronde teach Louis XIV? How did it help prepare the French people for absolutist rule? instrumental Hints for Reading this Section o The prime(prenominal) part of this reading provides an overview of the two systems of governing body that developed, and offers you hints as to why they developed as they did. Read this carefully so that many of the details listed in future sections will mean more to you. o There is a big difference between the English Parliament and the French parlements (note difference in spellings). The Parliament (-ia) historically had the ability to declare whether taxes were barely (fair) or not, and so the kings/queens always had to go before Parliament whenever they needed money.Parliament, located in London, had the ability to make laws. French parlements (-e) were diametrical in that there were many regional parlements as opposed to one central one, and they lacked the ability to make laws. Rather, the French parlements just had the authority to accept or disclaim policies proposed by the monarchy. The French also had the Estates General to serve as its legislature, but it was a medieval creation that never really caught on among the French nobles. It could whole meet when it was called into session by the king, and that was very rare (met once between 1618 and 1788).Chapter 13 England 1. The Policy of Circumvention refers to the various English kings efforts to go around, or circumvent, Parliament in their gathering of money for the crown. Explain how each of the following was an effort to raise or save money, and why it angered nobles/members of Parliament impositions- These additional custom duties were seen as taxation on imports and exports by Parliament and as requiring parliamentary consent. They angered nobles and members of Parliament because they viewed it as taxation without consent. selling titles of nobility ( call supply and demand why would nobles feel like they each had less power if there were more nobles in the nation? )- people did anything they could to get a higher position so of course they would buy titles of nobility and since there were many nobles now, previous nobles felt less power because there werent as many important titles for everyone. jam Is role as peacemaker- 2. Summarize the many religious complaints that were raised against poof James I. In defending the episcopacy, what did James mean when he retor ted No bishops, no king (pg. 452). James viewed the proposal to replace bishops with presbyteries as an attempt to diminish his power in the church so he quoted that. 3. What actions led Parliament force Charles I to accept the Petition of recompense? How would Charles I have attempted to defend himself and his actions? What freedoms did the Petition guarantee? -disputes between Parliament and King Charles I over the execution of the Thirty Years War, Parliament refused to grant subsidies to support the war effort, leading to Charles gathering forced loans without Parliamentary approval and haphazard imprisoning those who refused to pay.The Petition guaranteed restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law. 4. Why did Parliament not meet between 1629 and 1640? Describe the circumstances that required their impact in 1640. The Triennial exertion was intended to prevent kings from ruling without Parliament, as Charles had done between 1629-1640. The act required that Parliament meet for at least a fifty-day session once every three years. 5. Create a timeline using the following terms, explaining what each is and how the terms relate to one-another. Short Parliament frugal Invasion Long Parliaments New Laws (1640-41) Grand protest Invasion of Parliament (Roundhead/Cavaliers) 1639-1640 Scottish Invasion= Breakdown of Charless government of Scotland and two attempts to oblige his will by force. Scots rose in 1639 against Charles introduction of the English Prayer Book into Scotland, the anti-royalist London merchants encouraged the invading Scots to capture Newcastle. This they did in 1640, totally disrupting the export of coal. The Scottish army remained in Newcastle for a year and charged the Corporation a regular fee for billeting its troops. 640 Short Parliament= sit down from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles 1 of England and called short because it only lasted 3 weeks. He was forced to call the Short Parliament mainly to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland in the Bishops War. -Long Parliament= established to pass financial bills. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could be dissolved only with the agreement of the members and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of interregnum in 1660. 641 -Grand Remonstrance= a list of grievances presented to King Charles I by English Parliament on 1 December 1641, but passed by the House of Commons on the 22nd of November 1641, during the Long Parliament it was one of the chief events which were to precipitate the English Civil War. 1642-1651 -Invasion of Parliament (Roundhead/Cavaliers)= was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers).The first (164246) and second (164849) civil w ars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (164951) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the female genitalia Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. 6. Explain how the Rump Parliament and, more appropriately, Oliver Cromwell, govern England during the period between Charles I and Charles II. ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.After the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I, the re populaces existence was initially declared by An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth adopted by the Rump Parliament, on 19 May 1649. The government took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell. Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the court-ordered basis for the republic. Helpful Hints for Reading this Section o To help remember the order of the English monarchs, try to remember the Cromwell Sandwich. As with any unattackable sandwich, it is named after the meat, which goes in the middle. adjoin the meat is usually CHeese. In the Cromwell Sandwich then, the buns equal James (James I on top, or first, and James II bottom, or last) and the CHeese equals CHarles (Charles I on top of the meat or first, and then Charles II below the meat or second). Thus the order goes Bun (James I), quit (Charles I), Meat (Oliver Cromwell), Cheese (Charles II), and Bun (James II). I dont know, it helps me. ) 1. Describe England nether the Restoration of the Monarchy (what powers did King have?Religion? )- began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II. 2. Religion and the monarchy became an increasingly touchy subject in Restoration-era England. Discuss how the following acts/events display the conflict developing between mon arch and Parliament Clarendon law= The Clarendon Code was a series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwells Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions. solvent of Indulgence= Charles II of Englands attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms, by suspending the execution of the penal laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. Charles issued the proclamation on 15 March 1672. Test Act (note who this one was aimed at)= were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists.The principle was that none but persons professing the Established Church were eligible for public employment, and the loathsome penalties pronounced against recusants, whether Catholic or Nonconformist, were aff irmations of this principle. In practice nonconformists were often exempted from some of these laws through the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity 3. Both politics and religion played a large role in the forced removal of James II as King of England. Summarize the role of each, and note what served as the fast cause of the Glorious Revolution. . Describe the political philosophy of John Locke found in his Two Treatises on Government. 5. How could one superlative to the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights as early successes for the history of Democracy? Helpful Hints for Reading this Section o When trying to keep straight Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, think about what they stood for in regards to mans natural state. Hobbes, who believed man was horrible, awful, wicked nasty and cruel, was a Hater. Thus, the first letter of his name and how he felt both match up (Hobbes Hater).Locke, who said man was naturally good, was all about the Love. Thus, his name and belie fs are also connected by a first-letter principle (Locke Love). Chapter 13 France 1. Explain how the theory of Divine Right strengthened Louis XIVs power as king. How did his saying Letat, cest moi reflect the teachings of Bishop Bossuet? The Divine Right strengthened Louis XIVs by saying that dictators, nobles, and parliament dont have power over the people. Letat, cest moi means I am state reflected the teaching of Bishop Bossuet by saying God has the almighty power. 2.The Palace at Versailles is an integral part of Louis XIVs tight reign. fare the following with regard to life in Versailles To train something means to make it tame, or to train it to be useful to humans. In what ways did Louis XIV domesticate the nobility? Why did Louis XIV order nobles to follow such trivial societal rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles? Louis ordered nobles to follow trivial social rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles because he wanted them to have less power , so they wont be a threat to him. What types of people did Louis carry to head his government agencies? Why did he prefer to use them instead of the nobles, as was the case in other times and other countries? Louis XIV replaced the princes who had antecedently held positions as ministers with new aristocrats who feared him more. This gave Louis XIV, the King of France more power. 3. Explain the ways in which Jean-Baptiste Colbert made Frances economy superior to any other nations in the 17th century. How did the marquis of Louvois dramatically increase the effectiveness of Frances military? 4.Louis XIVs France became so powerful that no one nation could likely outdoor stage up and defeat the French. For that reason, Louis chose to involve himself in a series of wars that would eventually break his nations finances. Include each of Louis XIVs war in a timeline that shows the following Years fought Reasons for War How foreign nations worked to Balance out French power Outcomes of War 5. Why did Louis XIV feel it was infallible to revoke the Edict of Nantes? What impact did this move have on his nation? Huguenots as a threat to his power.Huguenots through his reign were hostile to the crown and launched revolts. The invalidation of the Edict of Nantes caused large numbers of them to flee to other protestant countries and establish themselves there, weakening the French economy. 6. Explain why the War of Spanish Succession (and the later(prenominal) Treaty of Utrecht) makes a fitting culmination to a. the grand wishes of Louis XIVs plans for domination of Europe, and b. the principle of Balance of Power used to stop Louis XIV and master French power 7. Consider Louis XIVs Legacy. Create a list of positive and negative aspects of Louis XIVs legacy.Then, create a thesis statement that evaluates the impact of Louis XIV on French history. Be sure your thesis 1) takes a side/has direction, and 2) does not simply list 3 things Louis did good and/or bad. o Int endants were government officials (royal civil servants, according to the text) in charge of oversight duties across all areas of French society. They were responsible for making sure that all tax money collected by regional tax officials went directly to the king (as opposed to some going to the collectors pocket), and to oversee the fostering and discipline of the French military.They studied efficiency in production and carried their lessons to emerging French industries. Possibly the most important aspect of the intendants was the fact that they were not of strong noble birth. Richelieu and Louis XIV realized that using nobles to do the most important tunes of government ran counter to the idea of centralizing full power in the detainment of the crown. For that reason, the intendants typically came from middle class backgrounds, people who did not possess large lands of their own. Thus, these peoples success in life was fully-dependent upon the king.If they became corrupt, an other intendant would call them out and they would lose their job and what was likely their only chance to be very successful in life. This created an incredibly driven, obedient and loyal bureaucracy for the French kings. o During the Counter-Reformation, several different groups of Catholics came up with various ways they saw as correct in regards to Catholicism. The Jesuits were likely the most famous and most successful, as they traveled to every coastline and set up schools and monasteries in most all prominent nations.One of the Jesuits key messages to people was, we can help save you. By this, the Jesuits promoted the fact that people who were Catholic could be guaranteed repurchase, so long as they followed the 7 sacraments and did as their priest told them. Another group, the Jansenists, saw this as untrue. Much like Luther and Calvin, the Jansenists believed that there was nothing people could do on earth to guarantee their salvation. They still believed in following all 7 of the Sacraments and other areas of Catholic doctrine, but they said that getting into heaven had to be a gift of Gods grace.A big religious dispute broke out within the Catholic church, and the influential Jesuits led an out-cry of opposition against the Jansenists. The point the text is trying to make with the Jansenists is that their group offered a form of Catholicism that included aspects of many Protestant religions (role of faith/grace as gift for salvation etc. ), which potentially could have kept French Huguenots (French Protestants) within the Catholic faith and kept them within France. When Louis XIV outlawed Jansenists, he made legal only the strongly anti-Protestant Jesuit Catholics, who began pushing for strong laws against Protestants.